Melatonin – dygnsrytm, läkemedel och rätt portionsbas

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Entire official fact sheet main text including all safety sections, references, disclaimers and source update; no separately read linked trials

URL: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/melatonin-what-you-need-to-know
Publisher: NIH National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
Source date: 2024-05
Captured: 2026-10-18T16:50:02.863719+00:00
Scope: Entire official fact sheet main text including all safety sections, references, disclaimers and source update; no separately read linked trials
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Melatonin: What You Need To Know
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What is melatonin and how does it work?
Melatonin
is a hormone that your brain produces in response to darkness. It helps with the timing of your circadian rhythms (24-hour internal clock) and with sleep. Being exposed to light at night can block melatonin production.
Research suggests that melatonin plays other important roles in the body beyond sleep. However, these effects are not fully understood.
Melatonin
dietary supplements
can be made from animals or microorganisms, but most often they’re made synthetically. The information below is about melatonin dietary supplements.
What are the health benefits of taking melatonin?
Melatonin supplements may help with certain conditions, such as jet lag, delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, some sleep disorders in children, and anxiety before and after surgery.
Jet lag
Jet lag affects people when they travel by air across multiple time zones. With jet lag, you may not feel well overall and you may have disturbed sleep, daytime tiredness, impaired functioning, and digestive problems.
Research suggests that melatonin supplements may help with jet lag. This is based on medium-sized reviews from 2010 and 2014.
Four studies that included a total of 142 travelers showed that melatonin may be better than a placebo (an inactive substance) in reducing overall symptoms of jet lag after eastward flights. Another study of 234 travelers on eastward flights looked at only sleep quality and found low-quality evidence that melatonin may be better than placebo for improving sleep quality.
Two studies that included a total of 90 travelers showed that melatonin may be better than a placebo in reducing symptoms of jet lag after westward flights.
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD)
People with DSWPD have trouble falling asleep at the usual times and waking up in the morning. They typically have difficulty getting to sleep before 2 to 6 a.m. and would prefer to wake up between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m.
Melatonin supplements appear to help with sleep in people with DSWPD, but it’s uncertain whether the benefits outweigh the possible harms. This is based on a clinical practice guideline, a small review, and a more recent study.
In 2015, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommended melatonin supplements given at specific times for DSWPD. The recommendation was a weak one, and it came with uncertainty about whether the benefits of melatonin outweigh its potential harms.
A 2016 review that looked at a small number of people (52) from two studies showed that melatonin supplements reduced the time it took for people with DSWPD to fall asleep when compared to placebo. On average, it took about 22 minutes less for them to fall asleep.
A 2018 randomized controlled trial that lasted 4 weeks and included 307 people with DSWPD found that taking melatonin 1 hour before the desired bedtime combined with going to bed at a set time led to several improvements. Those improvements included falling asleep an average of 34 minutes earlier, better sleep during the first third of the night, and better daytime functioning.
Some sleep disorders in children
Sleep problems in children can have undesirable effects on their behavior, daytime functioning, and quality of life. Children with certain conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), are more prone to sleep problems than other children.
There are no overall guidelines on the best approach to improving sleep in children. However, guidelines for specific conditions recommend behavioral treatments, such as good bedtime habits and parent education, as an initial treatment that may be supplemented with medicines.
A 2019 review looked at 18 studies of melatonin supplements that included a total of 1,021 children. Most of the studies were small, and all were relatively brief (1 to 13 weeks). Overall, the studies showed that melatonin was better than placebo for improving both the time to fall asleep and total sleep. The effects of melatonin on behavior and daytime functioning, however, weren’t clear because the studies used different ways to measure these outcomes.
The list below shows the review’s results on melatonin’s short-term effects for children with specific conditions.
Children with ASD fell asleep 37 minutes earlier and slept 48 minutes longer.
Children with ADHD fell asleep 20 minutes earlier and slept 33 minutes longer.
Children with atopic dermatitis fell asleep 6.8 minutes earlier and slept 35 minutes longer.
Children with chronic sleep-onset insomnia fell asleep 24 minutes earlier and slept 25 minutes longer.
Because there aren’t many studies on children and melatonin supplements, there is a lot we don’t know about the use of melatonin in children. For example, there are uncertainties about what dose to use and when to give it, the effects of melatonin use over long periods of time, and whether melatonin’s benefits outweigh its possible risks. Because melatonin is a hormone, it’s possible that melatonin supplements could affect hormonal development, including puberty, menstrual cycles, and overproduction of the hormone prolactin, but we don’t know for sure.
Because of these uncertainties, it’s best to work with a health care provider if you’re considering giving a child melatonin for sleep problems.
Anxiety before and after surgery
Anxiety before and after surgery happens in up to 80 percent of patients.
Melatonin supplements appear to be helpful in reducing anxiety before surgery, but it’s unclear if it helps to lower anxiety after surgery. This is a based on a 2015 review.
The 2015 review looked at 12 studies that involved 774 people and assessed melatonin supplements for treating anxiety before surgery, anxiety after surgery, or both. The review found strong evidence that melatonin is better than placebo at reducing anxiety before surgery. Melatonin supplements may be as effective as standard treatment (the antianxiety medicine midazolam). However, the results on melatonin’s benefits for reducing anxiety after surgery were mixed.
Is melatonin helpful for preventing or treating COVID-19?
Current research looking at the effects of melatonin on COVID-19 is only in the early stages. There are a few randomized controlled trials (studies evaluating melatonin in people) in progress. At this point, it is too soon to reach conclusions on whether melatonin is helpful for COVID-19.
Does melatonin help with cancer symptoms?
Studies of the effect of melatonin supplements on cancer symptoms or treatment-related side effects have been small and have had mixed results.
Keep in mind that unproven products should not be used to replace or delay conventional medical treatment for cancer. Also, some products can interfere with standard cancer treatments or have special risks for people who’ve been diagnosed with cancer. Before using any complementary health approach, including melatonin, people who’ve been diagnosed with cancer should talk with their health care providers to make sure that all aspects of their care work together.
Can melatonin help with insomnia?
People with insomnia have trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. When symptoms last a month or longer, it’s called chronic insomnia.
According to practice guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2017) and the American College of Physicians (2016), there’s not enough strong evidence on the effectiveness or safety of melatonin supplementation for chronic insomnia to recommend its use. The American College of Physicians guidelines strongly recommend the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) as an initial treatment for insomnia.
Does melatonin work for shift workers?
Shift work that involves night shifts may cause people to feel sleepy at work and make it difficult to sleep during the daytime after a shift ends.
According to two 2014 research reviews, studies on whether melatonin supplements help shift workers were generally small or inconclusive.
The first review looked at 7 studies that included a total of 263 participants. The results suggested that (1) people taking melatonin may sleep about 24 minutes longer during the daytime, but (2) other aspects of sleep, such as time needed to fall asleep, may not change. The evidence, however, was considered to be of low quality.
The other review looked at 8 studies (5 of which were also in the first review), with a total of 300 participants, to see whether melatonin helped promote sleep in shift workers. Six of the studies were high quality, and they had inconclusive results. The review did not make any recommendations for melatonin use in shift workers.
Is it safe to take melatonin?
For melatonin supplements, particularly at doses higher than what the body normally produces, there’s not enough information yet about possible side effects to have a clear picture of overall safety. Short-term use of melatonin supplements appears to be safe for most people, but information on the long-term safety of supplementing with melatonin is lacking.
Also keep in mind:
Interactions with medicines
As with all dietary supplements, people who are taking medicine should consult their health care providers before using melatonin. In particular, people with epilepsy and those taking blood thinner medications need to be under medical supervision when taking melatonin supplements.
Possible allergic reaction risk
There may be a risk of allergic reactions to melatonin supplements.
Safety concerns for pregnant and breastfeeding women
There’s been a lack of research on the safety of melatonin use in pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Safety concerns for older people
The 2015 guidelines by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine recommend against melatonin use by people with dementia.
Melatonin may stay active in older people longer than in younger people and cause daytime drowsiness.
Melatonin is regulated as a dietary supplement
In the United States, melatonin is considered a dietary supplement. This means that it’s regulated less strictly by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) than a prescription or over-the-counter drug would be. In several other countries, melatonin is available only with a prescription and is considered a drug.
Products may not contain what’s listed on the label
Some melatonin supplements may not contain what’s listed on the product label. A 2017 study tested 31 different melatonin supplements bought from grocery stores and pharmacies. For most of the supplements, the amount of melatonin in the product didn’t match what was listed on the product label. Also, 26 percent of the supplements contained serotonin, a hormone that can have harmful effects even at relatively low levels.
Is melatonin safe for children?
In addition to issues mentioned above, there are some things to consider regarding melatonin’s safety in children.
Parents considering giving their children melatonin should first speak with a health care provider about melatonin use in children.
A 2023 study found that 22 out of 25 over-the-counter melatonin gummy products were inaccurately labeled. One product did not contain detectable levels of melatonin. In the remaining products, the melatonin levels ranged from 74 to 347 percent of the labeled quantity (i.e., up to almost 3.5 times more melatonin than reported on the label). Most had more than the label said, with the majority containing between 1.2 to 1.7 times more melatonin than the amount listed.
Parents need to ensure safe storage and appropriate use of melatonin supplements. Based on case surveillance data, a 2024 report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that from 2019 to 2022, 11,000 emergency department visits were for unsupervised melatonin ingestion by children 5 years and younger. The report noted that many of the incidents involved ingestion of flavored products such as gummies and emphasized the importance of keeping medications and supplements out of children’s reach and sight.
Use of over-the-counter melatonin might place children and teenagers at risk for accidental or intentional overdose.
A 2022 study indicated that U.S. sales of melatonin—which is widely available in tablet, capsule, liquid, and gummy formulations—increased by about 150 percent between 2016 and 2020. The study authors said that the increase in sales, availability, and widespread use of melatonin in the United States has likely resulted in increased access to melatonin among children in the home.
The 2022 study also showed that the number of reports to U.S. poison control centers about people 19 years and younger who took melatonin increased from 8,337 in 2012 to 52,563 in 2021. Over the 10-year period, the number of reports increased each year. Hospitalizations and serious outcomes from melatonin ingestion by people 19 years and younger also increased over the 10 years. Most hospitalizations involved teenagers who had intentionally taken melatonin overdoses, and the largest increase in hospitalizations occurred in children 5 years and younger.
More Information
Most of the calls to poison control centers—94.3 percent—were for children 5 years and younger who accidentally consumed melatonin products in their homes.
Data from the calls show that most of the people who had taken melatonin—82.8 percent—did not have any symptoms. Among those who did have symptoms, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or symptoms related to the central nervous system were the most common.
Of the 4,097 people who were hospitalized over the 10-year period, 287 needed intensive care.
Five individuals required mechanical ventilation, and two children younger than age 2 died, but the data from the poison control centers did not show whether the two deaths were caused by a melatonin overdose or another cause.
Melatonin supplements at normal doses appear to be safe for most children for short-term use, but there aren’t many studies on children and melatonin. Also, there’s little information on the long-term effects of melatonin use in children. Because melatonin is a hormone, it’s possible that melatonin supplements could affect hormonal development, including puberty, menstrual cycles, and overproduction of the hormone prolactin, but we don’t know for sure.
Possible melatonin supplement side effects reported in children have usually been mild and have included:
Drowsiness
Increased bedwetting or urination in the evening
Headache
Dizziness
Agitation
What are the side effects of melatonin?
A 2015 review on the safety of melatonin supplements indicated that only mild side effects were reported in various short-term studies that involved adults, surgical patients, and critically ill patients. Some of the mild side effects that were reported in the studies included:
Headache
Dizziness
Nausea
Sleepiness
The possible long-term side effects of melatonin use are unclear.
Tips To Consider
Remember that even though the FDA regulates dietary supplements, such as melatonin, the regulations for dietary supplements are different and less strict than those for prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
Some dietary supplements may interact with medicines or pose risks if you have medical problems or are going to have surgery.
If you’re pregnant or nursing a child, it’s especially important to see your health care provider before taking any medicine or supplement, including melatonin.
If you use dietary supplements, such as melatonin, read and follow label instructions. “Natural” doesn’t always mean “safe.” For more information, see
Using Dietary Supplements Wisely
.
Take charge of your health—talk with your health care providers about any complementary health approaches you use. Together, you can make shared, well-informed decisions.
For More Information
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In-silico
drug repurposing study predicts the combination of pirfenidone and melatonin as a promising candidate therapy to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection progression and respiratory distress caused by cytokine storm.
PLoS One.
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Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: advanced sleep-wake phase disorder (ASWPD), delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD), non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder (N24SWD), and irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder (ISWRD). An update for 2015.
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Pediatric sleep disturbances and treatment with melatonin.
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Freeman DI, Lind JN, Weidle NJ, et al.
Notes from the field: emergency department visits for unsupervised pediatric melatonin ingestion - United States, 2019-2022
.
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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García IG, Rodriguez-Rubio M, Mariblanca AR, et al.
A randomized multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of melatonin in the prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk contacts (MeCOVID Trial): a structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Trials.
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Hansen MV, Halladin NL, Rosenberg J, et al.
Melatonin for pre- and postoperative anxiety in adults.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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on October 10, 2019.
Hazra S, Chaudhuri AG, Tiwary BK, et al.
Matrix metallopeptidase 9 as a host protein target of chloroquine and melatonin for immunoregulation in COVID-19: a network-based meta-analysis.
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Jet lag.
Clinical Evidence
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Lelak K, Vohra V, Neuman MI, et al.
Pediatric melatonin ingestions - United States, 2012–2021
.
MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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Liira J, Verbeek JH, Costa G, et al.
Pharmacological interventions for sleepiness and sleep disturbances caused by shift work.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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on October 10, 2019.
McDonagh MS, Holmes R, Hsu F.
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Journal of Child Neurology
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A systematic review of COVID-19 and obstructive sleep apnoea.
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Melatonin, aging, and COVID-19: Could melatonin be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment in the elderly?
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Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, et al.
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Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
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Molecular Biological Reports.
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Tan D-X, Hardeland R.
Targeting host defense system and rescuing compromised mitochondria to increase tolerance against pathogens by melatonin may impact outcome of deadly virus infection pertinent to COVID-19.
Molecules.
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Zhou Y, Hou Y, Shen J, et al.
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PLoS Biology.
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Ziaei A, Davoodian P, Dadvand H, et al.
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Other References
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Sleep Medicine
. 2007;8(6):566-577.
Brasure M, MacDonald R, Fuchs E, et al.
Management of insomnia disorder
. Comparative Effectiveness Reviews no. 159. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015. AHRQ publication no. 15(16)-EHC027-EF.
Bruni O, Alonso-Alconada, Besag F, et al. Current role of melatonin in pediatric neurology: clinical recommendations.
European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
. 2015;19(2):122-133.
Chen WY, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gantman K, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of melatonin on breast cancer survivors: impact on sleep, mood, and hot flashes.
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
. 2014;145(2):381-388.
Del Fabbro E, Dev R, Hui D, et al. Effects of melatonin on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and cachexia: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Journal of Clinical Oncology
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Erland LAE, Saxena PK. Melatonin natural health products and supplements: presence of serotonin and significant variability of melatonin content.
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
. 2017;13(2):275-281.
Grigg-Damberger MM, Ianakieva D. Poor quality control of over-the-counter melatonin: what they say is often not what you get.
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
. 2017;13(2);163-165.
Hansen MV, Andersen LT, Madsen MT, et al. Effect of melatonin on depressive symptoms and anxiety in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
. 2014;145(3);683-695.
Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag (review).
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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Madsen MT, Hansen MV, Andersen LT, et al. Effect of melatonin on sleep in the perioperative period after breast cancer surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
. 2016;12(2):225-233.
Masters A, Pandi-Perumal SR, Seixas A, et al. Melatonin, the hormone of darkness: from sleep promotion to Ebola treatment.
Brain Disorders & Therapy
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Posadzki P, Bajpai R, Kyaw BM, et al. Melatonin and health: an umbrella review of health outcomes and biological mechanisms of action.
BMC Medicine
. 2018;16(1):18.
Rasmussen CL, Olsen MK, Johnsen AT, et al. Effects of melatonin on physical fatigue and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative care: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial.
Cancer
. 2015;121(20):3727-3736.
Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral SA, Tan D-X, et al. Melatonin, a full service anti-cancer agent: inhibition of initiation, progression and metastasis.
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. 2017;18(4):E843.
Sletten TL, Magee M, Murray JM, et al. Efficacy of melatonin with behavioural sleep-wake scheduling for delayed sleep-wake phase disorder: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial.
PLoS Medicine
. 2018;15(6):e1002587.
Tordjman S, Chokron S, Delorme R, et al. Melatonin: pharmacology, functions and therapeutic benefits.
Current Neuropharmacology
. 2017;15(3):434-443.
Vural EMS, van Munster BC, de Rooij SE. Optimal dosages for melatonin supplementation therapy in older adults: a systematic review of current literature.
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. 2014;31(6):441-451.
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Acknowledgments
NCCIH thanks D. Craig Hopp, Ph.D., and David Shurtleff, Ph.D., NCCIH, for their review of this publication.
This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain. Duplication is encouraged.
NCCIH has provided this material for your information. It is not intended to substitute for the medical expertise and advice of your health care provider(s). We encourage you to discuss any decisions about treatment or care with your health care provider. The mention of any product, service, or therapy is not an endorsement by NCCIH.
Last Updated:
May 2024

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Full current exact imported definitions of distinct identities; not an identity merge

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Publisher: Läkemedelsverket
Source date: 2025-09-16
Captured: 2026-10-18T16:50:44.349120+00:00
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Vem får sälja melatonin?
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Jag hittade en förpackning med melatonin på en webbsida som inte är ett apotek. Det marknadsförs som ett tillskott och hjälpmedel för sömnen.
Nu undrar jag vad som gäller. Är det lagligt att sälja melatonin på det här sättet?
14 Jun 2023
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Hej och tack för din fråga!
Melatonin är klassat som läkemedel i Sverige och får inte säljas som kosttillskott. Det får endast säljas på apotek.
Hur känner man igen ett godkänt apotek?
Alla godkända apotek ska ha en logotyp att apoteket är godkänt av Läkemedelsverket.
Alla apotek/e-handlare som säljer läkemedel via internet ska använda en EU‍-‍gemensam logotyp på sin webbplats. Syftet med logotyperna är att konsumenten enkelt ska kunna avgöra om handeln är laglig.
För att kontrollera om en webbhandlare är godkänd av Läkemedelsverket kan du klicka på symbolen som ska finnas på handlarens webbplats. Du kommer då att dirigeras till en lista på Läkemedelsverkets webbplats. Där ska webbhandlaren finnas med i listan. Klicka på länken till webbhandlaren i listan, och om du då kommer tillbaka till den webbplats du ville kontrollera, kan du vara säker på att den är laglig och godkänd av Läkemedelsverket.
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Hur vet man om ett internetapotek är seriöst eller en bluff?
Hur vet man om ett läkemedel är godkänt för försäljning i Sverige?
Får jag beställa melatonin från utlandet?
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Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Scoop (4 g)
Servings Per Container: 30
	Amount Per Serving	%Daily Value
Calories	10 g	
Total carbohydrates	2 g	<1%‡
Protein	1 g	
Magnesium (elemental) (from 1900 mg of magnesium glycinate)	200 mg	48%
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
(from 125 mg Pharma GABA®)	100 mg	**
L-theanine	50 mg	**
Melatonin	2.5 mg	**
‡Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
**Daily Value not established.

Citric acid, organic tapioca maltodextrin, natural flavors, stevia leaf extract, rice hull concentrate, organic beetroot juice.
Contains no artificial colors, preservatives, or sweeteners; no dairy, wheat, gluten, soy, sesame, egg, fish, shellfish, animal products, tree nuts, or GMOs. 
Manufactured by Natural Factors to ensure safety and potency in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) of the FDA and Health Canada.

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Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Vegetarian Capsule
	Amount Per Serving	%Daily Value
Shoden® ashwagandha extract (root and leaf) [std. to 35% withanolide glycosides]	120 mg	**
Melatonin [as MicroActive® Melatonin]	1.5 mg	**
**Daily Value not established.

Microcrystalline cellulose, vegetable cellulose (capsule), dicalcium phosphate, vegetable stearate, sodium alginate, silica, carnauba wax.

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Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 2 Gummies
Servings Per Container: 15
	Amount Per Serving	%DV*
Calories	30	
Total Carbohydrates	7 g	3%*
Total Sugars	4 g	**
Includes 4 g Added Sugars		8%*
Magnesium (as Magnesium Citrate)	200 mg	48%
Chamomile Flower Extract (Matricaria recutita)(flower)	50 mg	**
Melatonin	1 mg	**
*Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
**Daily Value (DV) not established.

Organic tapioca syrup, organic cane sugar, water, potassium citrate, pectin, natural flavors, black carrot (color), citric acid, malic acid, vegetable oil & carnauba wax (coating).