potassium carbonate

ChEBI · EMBL-EBI ↗ · Källdatum saknas · Källans villkor

A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.

Deciphering the Cellular Effects of Strontium Chloride and Potassium Carbonate on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivative Cardiomyocytes ↗ · Feb 25, 2026 · Källans villkor

To address these knowledge gaps, the present study investigated the impact of these two widely used toothpaste ingredients, SrCl2 and K2CO3, on cell viability, electrophysiological function, and cardiac gene expression in a murine iPSC-based in vitro model. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed in undifferentiated iPSCs, while functional and molecular endpoints were evaluated in iPSC-CMs. A combination of advanced and innovative analytical tools and techniques, including real-time cell analysis (xCELLigence RTCA Cardio system), multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings, Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS), immunocytochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR, was employed to characterize both acute and dose-dependent effects. By integrating multiple complementary assays within a physiologically relevant system, this study provides novel insights into the toxicological and functional profiles of SrCl2 and K2CO3. The findings may help refine safety assessments for dental care products and guide future research on potential side effects of topically applied compounds.

Deciphering the Cellular Effects of Strontium Chloride and Potassium Carbonate on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivative Cardiomyocytes ↗ · Feb 25, 2026 · Källans villkor

Exposure to K2CO3 resulted in a reproducible, concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability (Figure 2B). Real-time impedance analysis showed significant CI reductions at 1.6 mM and 3.2 mM K2CO3, beginning as early as 24 h and persisting through 72 h. At 3.2 mM, CI values dropped below 50% of the control by 48–72 h (p < 0.05), indicating pronounced cytotoxicity. In contrast to SrCl2, no significant proliferative responses were observed at any concentration of K2CO3 before 24 h. Microscopy examination of cells treated with 3.2 mM for 72 h revealed reduced cell density, detachment, and morphological signs of cell damage Figure 1C,D). These findings were further corroborated by FACS data (Figure 3), which revealed a significant increase in PI-positive cells to 12.7% at 24 h, and 16.2% at 72 h (both p < 0.05 vs. control), confirming the cytotoxic effect. Taken together, these results demonstrate that exposure to K2CO3 consistently induced dose-dependent iPSC death, with high concentrations leading to substantial loss of viability.

Deciphering the Cellular Effects of Strontium Chloride and Potassium Carbonate on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivative Cardiomyocytes ↗ · Feb 25, 2026 · Källans villkor

To distinguish the effects of SrCl2 and K2CO3 on the beating patterns of 2D cardiac cell cultures, real-time impedance analysis was performed using the xCELLigence RTCA system. This platform enables continuous, label-free monitoring of cellular dynamics, capturing changes in cell adhesion, morphology, and contractile activity. By analyzing impedance signals, alterations in beating frequency and potential arrhythmic events induced by chemical exposure or genetic modifications can be effectively assessed. As revealed, exposure of iPSC-CMs to SrCl2 and K2CO3 induced changes in the CI and beating pattern in a concentration-dependent manner (Figure 5A). Both compounds do not appear to impede cell attachment or monolayer formation, as indicated by the normal progression of the CI. At the high concentration of 3.2 mM, prolonged exposure led to a progressive decline in CI over 72 h for both compounds, with a more pronounced reduction observed for K2CO3. Lower concentrations (0.6–1.6 mM) had minimal effects on CI values compared to the controls. Beating profiles recorded via the RTCA system revealed that SrCl2 preserved rhythmic contractions at 0.6 and 1.6 mM. At 3.2 mM, contractions remained regular but showed reduced amplitude and frequency (Figure 5B, left). In contrast, K2CO3 at 3.2 mM induced irregular and low-amplitude beating (Figure 5B, right), indicating impaired excitation–contraction coupling. Quantification of beating frequency confirmed these observations (Figure 5C). SrCl2 caused a significant reduction only at 3.2 mM (p < 0.05), while K2CO3 induced a dose-dependent decrease starting at 1.6 mM, with frequencies dropping below 100 bpm at 3.2 mM (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate dose-dependent functional impairment in iPSC-CMs, with K2CO3 causing more severe and earlier effects than SrCl2.

Deciphering the Cellular Effects of Strontium Chloride and Potassium Carbonate on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivative Cardiomyocytes ↗ · Feb 25, 2026 · Källans villkor

The observed downregulation of these genes may also reflect changes in cell composition, RNA integrity or viability rather than direct transcriptional repression, as differential expression in heterogeneous samples can be confounded by shifts in the proportions of cell types or cardiac subtypes [26,27].

Deciphering the Cellular Effects of Strontium Chloride and Potassium Carbonate on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivative Cardiomyocytes ↗ · Feb 25, 2026 · Källans villkor

We acknowledge that 3.2 mM of both compounds exceeds levels expected following normal human oral exposure and is therefore supraphysiological, representing a worst-case scenario.

Deciphering the Cellular Effects of Strontium Chloride and Potassium Carbonate on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivative Cardiomyocytes ↗ · Feb 25, 2026 · Källans villkor

While our findings reveal dose-dependent cytotoxicity and functional alterations in murine iPSC-CMs, these results are based on acute in vitro exposures and should not be directly extrapolated to predict human safety, as in vivo metabolism, clearance, and dilution are not captured in this model.

Deciphering the Cellular Effects of Strontium Chloride and Potassium Carbonate on Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Derivative Cardiomyocytes ↗ · Feb 25, 2026 · Källans villkor

The absence of direct mechanistic investigations, such as assessments of ion channel activity, Ca2+ handling, or inflammatory signaling, restricts the mechanistic interpretation of the observed cellular responses.