decan-3-ol

ChEBI · EMBL-EBI ↗ · Källdatum saknas · Källans villkor

A secondary alcohol that is decane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.

LinYongwen; HussainMubasher; AveryPasco Bruce; QasimMuhammad; FangDalin; WangLiande; WangZonghua · Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecaniiVolatiles Promote Conidial Performance ↗ · Mar 21, 2016 · Källans villkor

In this study, we investigated two systems: 1) the HIPV emitting system in which the volatiles were induced by aphids feeding on A. thaliana plants and 2) an entomopathogenic fungal infection system in which the aphid was treated with Lecanicillium lecanii prior to exposure to the aphid-induced HIPVs [40,41]. To evaluate the influence of HIPVs on entomopathogenic fungi, it was hypothesized that A. thaliana would modify its VOCs and emit HIPVs when infested by aphids [42]. Lastly, we compared the performance of the conidia and appressorial formation with or without exposure to aphid-induced HIPVs. Overall, the aim of this study was to understand whether HIPVs enhance or deter the pathogenicity processes of entomopathogenic fungi-infecting herbivores.

LinYongwen; HussainMubasher; AveryPasco Bruce; QasimMuhammad; FangDalin; WangLiande; WangZonghua · Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecaniiVolatiles Promote Conidial Performance ↗ · Mar 21, 2016 · Källans villkor

Two systems were utilized in the experiment: the HIPV-inducing system and the fungal-infecting system. The systems were used to test the sub-lethal time (LT50) values (d) of the fungus for infection of the insect in multiple HIPVs scenarios (Fig 1). In the first system, adult aphids were used to induce HIPVs. Different numbers of aphids (0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16) were transferred to a forty-day-old A. thaliana plant to produce HIPVs. In the second system, a conidial suspension of L. lecanii was used to infect the aphids. Conidia of L. lecanii were cultured with modified Czapek’s medium for 14 d [34], and then the conidia were scraped using an inoculating loop in sterile water containing 0.05% Triton X-80 [43]. The conidial suspension was filtered by cotton in a 20-ml syringe to remove the hyphal debris and then diluted to 5 × 107conidia·mL-1 by using a Neubauer hemocytometer with a sterile solution of 0.1% Tween-80 for infection. All suspensions were shaken using a vortex mixer (Lab dancer, IKA®, India Private Limited, Bangalore, Kamataka, INDIA) for 5 min prior to use. Groups of apterous adult aphids were immersed in the conidial suspension for 10 seconds to inoculate the insects with the fungus. As a control, aphids were treated with 0.05% Triton X-80 alone. Following inoculation, all the aphid groups and controls were air dried for approximately 5 min and then separately transferred into a netted bag (50 mesh, 5 cm × 5 cm). The mortality of the aphids in each treatment was recorded every 24 h, and the experiment was replicated thrice.

LinYongwen; HussainMubasher; AveryPasco Bruce; QasimMuhammad; FangDalin; WangLiande; WangZonghua · Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecaniiVolatiles Promote Conidial Performance ↗ · Mar 21, 2016 · Källans villkor

Laboratory test results of L. lecanii strain V3450 used against the aphid L. erysimi exposed to different concentrations of HIPVs for 8 d are summarized in Table 1. The natural control mortality was 10% after 8 days. In treatment 1, 2 and 4, mortalities (55.33± 3.06, 60.00 ± 6.00 and 60.67 ± 3.05, respectively) did not show significant differences with each other and significantly higher than that of treatment 0 (48.00 ± 7.21), but significantly lower than that of treatment 8 (77.33 ± 5.78). The mean values of LT50 in all treatments were arranged from low to high, 8 (6.15) < 16 (6.46) < 4 (6.91) <1 (7.09) < 2 (7.11) < 0 (7.87).

LinYongwen; HussainMubasher; AveryPasco Bruce; QasimMuhammad; FangDalin; WangLiande; WangZonghua · Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecaniiVolatiles Promote Conidial Performance ↗ · Mar 21, 2016 · Källans villkor

The conidial germination rate after exposure to different concentrations of HIPVs induced by a different number of aphids varied greatly over time (Fig 2, Fig 3 and S1 Table). The germination of conidia in treatment 2, 8, and 16 were increased (F2, 6 = 2.51; P = 0.0728) compared with treatments 0 and 1 and the control (CK) after a 6-h exposure. After a 12-h exposure, treatments 8 and 16 exhibited a significantly increased (F2, 6 = 14.97; P = 0.0001) conidial germination rate compared with the other treatments, including the control and treatment 0 which was slower than all the other treatments. The germination rate of conidia was fastest in treatment 8 and slowest in treatment 0. However, all treatments were significantly faster (F2, 6 = 126.94; P = 0.0001) than the control after an 18-h exposure. Additionally, treatments 4–16 were not significantly different, but they were significantly faster than treatments 0–2. Treatments 8 and 16 exhibited significantly increased (F2, 6 = 130.04; P = 0.0001) germination rates compared with the other treatments and the control after a 24-h exposure to the HIPVs. In general, the germination rates of the conidia after a 12-h exposure to the different concentrations of HIPVs were faster than the control, which did not include aphids.

LinYongwen; HussainMubasher; AveryPasco Bruce; QasimMuhammad; FangDalin; WangLiande; WangZonghua · Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecaniiVolatiles Promote Conidial Performance ↗ · Mar 21, 2016 · Källans villkor

The results of the percent appressorial formation with exposure to HIPVs induced by the different numbers of aphids are presented in Fig 2, Fig 4 and S2 Table. After a 6-h exposure to the HIPVs, no significant differences were noted among all treatments. In treatments 1–16, the percent appressorial formation was significantly increased (F2, 6 = 9.29; P = 0.0003) compared with treatment 0 and the control after a 12-h exposure. At 18 h post-exposure, the appressorium developed faster (F2, 6 = 27.29; P = 0.0001) in treatments 8 and 16 compared with treatments 1–4, which all exhibited similar percent formation but were faster than treatment 0 and the control. Treatments 8–16 were similar, and the percent formation of the appressoria was significantly increased (F2, 6 = 18.44; P = 0.0001) compared with the other treatments after being exposed to HIPVs for 24 h. In addition, the percent appressorial formation was increased in treatments 1–4 compared with treatments 0 and the control; only treatments 0 and the control were similar and had the lowest percent formation compared with the other treatments. In general, after an 18-h exposure to the HIPVs, treatments 8–16 had the highest percentage of appressoria formed compared with the other treatments.

LinYongwen; HussainMubasher; AveryPasco Bruce; QasimMuhammad; FangDalin; WangLiande; WangZonghua · Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecaniiVolatiles Promote Conidial Performance ↗ · Mar 21, 2016 · Källans villkor

In conclusion, we provided direct evidence that HIPVs derived from insects functioning as inductors promoted the performance and pathogenicity of conidia of entomopathogenic fungi. In addition, a critical optimal threshold level was determined for aphid density that produced the optimum amount of HIPVs to promote the highest conidial performance of the entomopathogenic fungi. Our results provide important clues that HIPVs play a significant role and provide a bridge in the plant-herbivore-entomopathogenic fungi tri-trophic system. This study also adds a unique dimension to our understanding of how plants provide feedback to their ‘bodyguards’.

LinYongwen; HussainMubasher; AveryPasco Bruce; QasimMuhammad; FangDalin; WangLiande; WangZonghua · Volatiles from Plants Induced by Multiple Aphid Attacks Promote Conidial Performance of Lecanicillium lecaniiVolatiles Promote Conidial Performance ↗ · Mar 21, 2016 · Källans villkor

The appearance of an optimum aphid density that is proportional to the emission rate of induced HIPVs may be explained by some physiological processes a plant may employ in response to an ever increasing population of feeding insects. Plants may down-regulate the emission rate of HIPVs or modify the constitution of HIPVs when the critical insect number has reached the VOC production threshold. In addition to the density of insects, the reduction in HIPV emissions may be regulated when a sufficient number of symbiotic bacteria from the oral secretions or honeydew production from these insects deceive the plant into reducing its defensive production of VOCs [54,55]. These hypotheses warrant more research to be confirmed. The emission rate and constitution of HIPVs induced by the different number of insects per plant as well as the mechanism by which conidia are influenced by HIPVs was not investigated in this study.